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Internal Resistance Calculator
Calculate battery or voltage source internal resistance
Instructions: Enter the Electromotive Force ($E$ or $V_{\text{emf}}$), Terminal Voltage ($V_t$), and Circuit Current ($I$) to compute internal resistance ($r$). Alternatively, load resistance can be used.
Battery & Circuit Parameters
Calculation Results
⚠️ For physics and electronics education reference only. Electromotive force must be greater than or equal to terminal voltage under load.