📐 Modulation Formulas
AM: m = A_m/A_c (Modulation Index)
FM: β = Δf/f_m (Modulation Index)
PM: β = Δφ (Modulation Index)
Bandwidth = 2(f_m + Δf) (FM/PM)
m = AM index, β = FM/PM index, A = amplitude, f = frequency, φ = phase
Modulation Index:
-
Bandwidth:
-
Sideband Power:
-
Efficiency:
-
💡 Tips & Information
- AM: m ≤ 1 to avoid overmodulation
- FM: Higher β = wider bandwidth, better quality
- PM: Similar to FM but phase varies instead of frequency
- Bandwidth determines channel spacing requirements
- Used in radio, TV, and digital communications