About Long Multiplication

Long multiplication is a method of multiplying large numbers by breaking down the multiplication into a series of simpler steps.

Steps:

1. Write the numbers vertically, with the larger number on top
2. Multiply each digit of the multiplier by the multiplicand
3. Write each partial product below, shifted left according to the digit's position
4. Add all partial products to get the final result

Example:

   123
  × 45
  ----
   615  (123 × 5)
  492   (123 × 4, shifted left)
  ----
  5535

    999
   × 99
   ----
    8991  (999 × 9)
   8991   (999 × 9, shifted left)
   -----
   98901

Tips:

• Always align numbers properly
• Keep track of the position of each partial product
• Double-check your work by adding the partial products carefully
• Use this calculator to verify your manual calculations